What Would Society Be Like Without Culture Essays - Anthropology

What would society be like without culture? From the beginning culture has been involved in our society. People living in society share culture. Society refers to the relationships and interactions among human beings. Culture refers to the set of morals, beliefs, and values held in common by a group of people. An intriguing question is whether culture plays a significant role in shaping human behavior, or if there is a cultural template in place prior to us being born. Many think that natural selection explains our shared human traits and instincts. Our instincts to adapt and survive have been evident since the beginning of life. We wonder did these traits and instincts come from our ancestors or have we learned them through the society and culture in which we live. There is scientific research that supports both theories. This brings us to the nature versus nurture debate. Our genetic inheritance plays a large role in determining our personalities and traits. From an evolutionary point of view, certain things we know about the world are instinctive, although easily modified by cultural influences such as family, education, religion and society. An aspect of natural selection that is not often thought of is mental illness. There have been recent studies on how society and culture are contributing to mental illness. We then need to wonder if this is inherited genetically or whether or not our culture and society is contributing to it. Many think that culture and society play a bigger part than once thought of. Our society is not very accepting of people with disabilities. Often we hear that mental illness is attributed to what we eat, where we live or where we work. Although in many cases mental illness is caused by genetics. We wonder how do these individuals with mental handicaps fit into our culture and society. People with severe mental problems are capable of forming their own thoughts and opinions to contribute to culture and society, contrary to what some may believe. One of the most obvious things in the world is that people are all different. They differ in their attitudes, preferences, and behavioral responses to similar situations. This is true not only of individuals from different cultures, but of individuals within the same culture. Thus, from cultural and social influences each of us has formed our own values, morals and standards in which to conduct our lives. We each have our own thoughts, opinions and theories that derive from what we know and what we have been taught. In conclusion, the question to ponder is whether society builds culture or if culture builds society. Culture is reflected in our shared habits. Human society expresses these in ways such as language, fashion, communication, literature, teaching, art, cooking, technology and politics. Groups of people who share a common culture constitute a society, therefore society and culture cannot exist without each other.

Cash for Clunkers Program

Cash for Clunkers Program Introduction The cash for clunkers regulation is a program which was designed to allow car owners to trade their used cars with poor fuel consumption rate for more fuel efficient ones. This trade is to be accompanied by a benefit of $4500 from the national government. However, the consumers can only get one rebate with the credit liable to taxation. Similarly trade-in vehicle under joint ownership gets only a single credit.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Cash for Clunkers Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The car to be traded should be no more than 18 mpg with the new one having a minimum of 22 mpg. The vehicle to be traded has to have been insured for not less than a year. The vehicle has to be in a state of being able to be driven. The owner of the trade-in car must therefore confirm that the vehicle can be operated on its own power during the trading-in process. Additionally, for vehicles to be eligib le for trading under the cash for clunkers program, it must have a suggestion of retail price from the manufacturer which should be less or equal to $45,000. The trade-in vehicle is required to be registered to one owner for at least one year without change of ownership. In the case where the vehicle is owned by two or more persons, it has to have been registered under one, some or all the parties for the same period of one year (Griffin, 2011, p. 10). For the trade-in vehicle to have an eligible registration, it has to have a registration document showing the purchaser’s ownership for at least one year immediately a year before the trade-in. in case of changes in ownership in a co-owned vehicle during the final year to trade-in, the registration is considered valid with the condition that the purchaser appears in the certification for that same period. The dealer involve in the trading-in of any vehicle is required by the agency to have clear title to be able to dispose the vehicle under the cash for clunkers program. Despite the fact that many consumers consider the use of motorcycles to be economical in saving fuel and environment friendly, this program does not consider them as eligible, not only for trade-in, but also for purchase or lease. When a truck considered as a category 3 trucks is traded in for another category 3 truck, the credit for the new one should be $3,500 regardless of whether the new truck is smaller than the old one or is of the same size. This program covered all the 50 United States and thus, for a trade-in to be eligible the dealer must be a citizen of the United States and the vehicle to be traded in must as well be insured in the United States.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, not all vehicles qualify for trading in under this program. The agency has excluded trading in of vehicles which are no t manufactured for transporting people and those that are susceptible to operations off-highway. Such vehicles include pickup trucks, cargo carrying vehicles and vehicles that have physical characteristics in regard to ground clearance. The eligibility of category 1 and 2 trucks is determined by the length of the wheelbase with the shortest ones being more offered for trade-in than the long ones. The trade-in vehicle must be disposed off through crushing to ensure that it does not get on the road again. The success of the cash for clunkers program The cash for clunkers program was definitely a successful one as the economy of the United States has since then been in a better shape thanks to the program. However, the introduction of this program saw a large turnout of consumers which led to exhaustion of allotted cash for the same by the government. The program was almost suspended and due to this, many consumers have new vehicles which mean that the sales were much impressive (Huffm an, 2009). Consumers benefited by getting subsidies for their old vehicles as well as enjoying the new fuel efficient vehicles thus improving their economy. Consumers got encouraged of buying new cars over and over as well as showroom programs. The eligibility of trade-in vehicles on fuel economy should be reduced to cover most of the consumers. Other associated regulations such as registration and insurance should be lessened to help cater for more consumers as well. With availability of funds, I would design the program on a yearly basis to ensure that the environment is improved as well as maintaining the economy of our nation. Effects of the program The main goals of the cash for clunkers program were to help in improving the environment through the use of fuel economical vehicles and also to stabilize the economy for the people of the United States.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Cash for Clunkers Program specifically for you for only $16.05 $1 1/page Learn More While these goals may seem to have been met, the program was not much effective since the many regulations to the program left out so many consumers and environmental impacts resulting from the use of old fuel inefficient vehicles was not completely dealt with. Similarly, the economy cannot be said to have improved especially with the destruction of the old cars for the trade-in program. This is because this move would mean more costs on spare parts; many such businesses will be closed, consumers with the new vehicles will have much increased monthly payments and low income earners will definitely be disadvantaged because most of them purchase old cars which are required by this program to be destroyed hence increasing the costs of the few left (Toggle, 2009, p. 1). Reference List Griffin, K. (2011). Tips and advice on understanding cash for clunkers. Web. Huffman, M. (2009). Cash for clunkers success a positive economic sign. Web. Toggle, K. (2009) . Cash for clunkers program in full swing. Web.

The Role Of Nursing In The Solutions Of The Smoking Issues Research Paper

The Role Of Nursing In The Solutions Of The Smoking Issues - Research Paper Example The reason behind the selection of the hospital is that the healthcare centers in the US are notified to have vast diversion and a large number of subjects, which can provide an opportunity to put quality care to the individuals available herein. In relation to this particular research study, sampling method will be selected as the approach for the data collection to ensure reliability and validity by enduring the research in the real environment with reference to data collected from the selected participants. Moreover, in order to conduct the research and address the importance of nursing education in smoking cessation, the template will be designed in order to input all the necessary information of individuals habituated to smoking. In this regard, as affirmed above, different healthcare centers will be selected for ascertaining the research objectives. The particular research study aims towards promoting education in the individuals who are addicted to smoking cessation and assist them by presenting valuable information regarding the various ill effects of such habit. Thus, the questionnaire survey will be conducted for the sample size of 200 individuals, which will include 100 in the study group and 100 in the control group from different healthcare centers of the US. The fundamental reason behind utilizing this approach, as the methodology to collect data was to draw appropriate conclusions in alignment to the aforesaid aim of the research. Moreover, in order to derive the ultimate research aims, certain questions regarding age, gender, marital status, education level, the period since they are addicted to smoke and any education sessions attended or not will be framed. Nevertheless, this data will significantly assist in providing a detailed view of the way they perceived education.

International management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International management Report - Essay Example The challenges were also due to difference in the economic structures of various countries, their different legal frameworks and policies, social and cultural issues and many other things. Organisation tried building their strategies to deal with it. The company discussed in this paper is Toyota Motor Corp which rank 7 in the Fortune Global 500 list 2005. This is one of the largest automotive manufacturers in world, a trusted brand name and worldwide-admired company. It is known for its JIT and Quality programs and altruistic approach towards people working for it. Globalisation has provided many business opportunities to organisations worldwide. These opportunities to grow profitably in the worldwide market have come with some complications. These changes have raised various issues. There have been various debates on the global marketing mix strategies for the international market. Lots of studies and opinions have been developed. (For example, Ghoshal, 1987; Jain, 1989; Levitt, 1983; Quelch and Hoff, 1986)1 The communication process for the different market focusing on advertising issues, its objectives, message, presentation and various decisions related to advertising has gained attention and interest of most of the researchers. It was early 1960 when the issue of advertising standardization in foreign markets was first discussed. (Elinder, 1961; Fatt, 1964)2 These complications are due to the differences and diversity of the various parts of the world. The companies operating in various countries have several issues to ponder upon before starting its business and throughout its operations. These factors can be broadly grouped into two main groups. External Factors: These include the issues are related to the socio-cultural, political-legal, economic and various other issues. The parent country of the firm and the operating company can be different in various social and cultural aspects. These issues are

MARKETS AND THE ECONOMY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MARKETS AND THE ECONOMY - Assignment Example The factors explaining the increase in budget deficit stabilizers are outlined below: 1) As the economy goes into recession, corporate profits decrease leading to lower corporate tax revenues for the government. Due to lower demand in the economy, companies sell less and have higher cost pressures leading to lower profitability. 2) As corporate profit decrease, companies start firing employees leading to an increase in unemployment in the economy. This further leads to lower income tax revenues for the government. 3) As unemployment increases, the government has to make more payments for unemployment benefits and other welfare programs (transfer payments). These three factors automatically increase the government deficit during recession due to lower revenues and higher spending built into the system. 4) In order to spur demand in the economy, government can spend higher than usual. This spending could be through lowering taxes and/or increasing spending on new/existing projects. All the four factors combined mean that some of the effect of recession on households and companies is mitigated by government spending. Unemployed workers get state benefits and companies get opportunities to invest in new projects. The combined effect is that companies are encouraged to hire more workers to work on those projects thus reducing unemployment and people have more disposable income due to reduced taxes thus increasing consumption. Therefore, the increase in budget deficit during a recession helps stabilize the economy by bringing it back to the equilibrium operating level. Adjustments in wages and prices take the economy from the short-run equilibrium to the long-run equilibrium The price system and wages in the economy do not always change instantaneously. Changes in macro-economic factors like output, demand, supply, interest rates etc do not immediately bring about a change in price levels and wages. Thus, when one or more of the other macro-economic variables changes in the economy, prices and wages are slow to react to this change, therefore the economy comes to operate in a short-run equilibrium where prices and wages are yet to adjust to the other macroeconomic changes. Some of the reasons for this stickiness of prices and wages include contracts for fixed duration like labor union contract for wages fixed for a year, or even market competition prohibiting firms from increasing prices suddenly. However, as time goes (in the long-run), wages contracts get re-negotiated depending on earlier changes in demand and supply, inflation, and other factors. This change in wages leads to change in cost structure of firms and price changes then become necessary. For example, if the labor union re-negotiates to higher wages, the firm must increase its prices in order cover the increased cost of labor. As these adjustments in wages and prices take place, the movements of wages and prices determines the output of the economy. For example, if the firms find it less profitable to produce more, the will reduce their output and the GDP will contract and vice versa. Thus, adjustments in wages and prices take the economy from short-run equilibrium to long-run equilibrium. This is to say that if the prices and wages had changed immediately following a change in the other macroeconomic factors, the long-run equilibrium output would have been seen in the short-run. However, as prices and wages are sticky and adjust to the changes slowly, the economy first settles on a short-run equilibrium where other factors have changed but prices and wages have not and eventually the adjustments in price and wages takes the economy from t

Consulting Organizations Like Mckinsey Management Essay

Consulting Organizations Like Mckinsey Management Essay Consulting organizations like McKinsey Company, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, Boston Consulting Group, not only are leaders in their respective fields of operation but epitomize global reach with their branch offices spread all around the world (Carvalho and Cabral-Cardoso, 2008). Such big consulting organizations though are mostly based in the USA, yet they are present in almost all the economic regions. They are considered the harbingers of new managerial and organizational concepts that enjoy global validity. In view of the unprecedented increase in the number of organizations having potential to internationalize, internationality of management consulting has by itself become a means of competence and eminence (Richter et al., 2008). As such, the general trend in future could be that global companies may increasingly require the services of global consulting houses. Therefore, extending reach of the consulting organizations to international clients could become imperative an d present new opportunities of growing globally (Landriscina, 2012). In the UK, only a few consulting organizations exist that enjoy considerable international clout. This is evident from their foreign operations, including those that render foreign consultancy but do not have any branches abroad. In the UK, most of the consulting companies provide services to small and medium organizations. Their prospects in the international arena, the impediments they face, and the steps that can enable them achieve success and grow internationally, are dealt herein (Graubner and Richter, 2003). Donnelly and Dowling, (2010) said that the substance of earlier case studies brings out that foreign operations just depended on chance and the availability of profitable opportunities, and were not because of systematic strategies of operating globally. As such, overseas assignments were considered temporary and the regions were changed as the opportunities arose because of globalization of clients business operations. However, in certain cases, promotional efforts also contribute to the development of consultancy overseas. Generally, proper planning and diligently developing a foreign market is seldom resorted to (Budhwar et al., 2009). Hurdles in the way of developing external markets by establishing subsidiaries are many, and one can anticipate considerable risks when launching operations in new markets, particularly in BRIC countries, that is, Brazil, Russia, India, and China that have over time acquired much significance. If it is aimed to serve local customers also besides the western subsidiaries, it is essential to comply with the local conditions and employ low-wage local staff. It is only then that an organization catering in consultancy services can function successfully. In case of small and medium consultancy organizations, it is these factors that cause difficulties. ALTOMI ASSOCIATES AND ITS INTERNATIONALIZATION STRATEGY The present case study pertains to Altomi Associates, a UK based organization engaged in providing leadership and management training to client companies located in UK but some of them operating internationally also. As such, Altomi also organizes training programs abroad. Its training programs relate to three sectors, such as manufacturing, retail, and public sector. In the beginning, the training services were catered from the domestic setup, but later the company established bases elsewhere also, housing a small team of administrative staff to meet the requirements of clients at those places. As per Balbinot et al. (2010), it is imperative to evolve an internationalization strategy for a company planning to enter international business since it is an important determinant of success. The significance of meticulously evolved strategy of internationalization depends on diligently conducted market research and appreciation of the true meaning of such a strategy. Altomi Associates plan to spread their business to other countries, particularly in BRIC countries where they anticipate considerable growth opportunities. Altomi Associates intend to forge relationships with existing independent local operators in Brazil, Russia, India, and China as franchisees who would cater their training programs to clients there. In the medium term, they propose to put up offices in those areas either as new start-ups or by taking over local training companies or by forming joint ventures. The ultimate aim is to render training services to MNCs across their global facilities. INTERNATIONAL HRM According to Armstrong (2012), many big MNCs are in a position to ably manage their international operations, such as marketing, technology, and finances. However, there are others who have not been able to manage their HR effectively. IHRM is crucial for MNCs for exercising control and addressing cross-cultural issues, internal as well as external. MNCs face many more problems as compared to domestic organizations on account of geographic distances, cultural disparities, international competition, issues related to language, and political parameters (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). Stolt (2010) observes that IHRM and HRM do not differ much as their aim is to achieve the same objective of gaining competitive edge for their organizations and in this respect have to confront similar internal and external environmental factors. It is thus necessary for HR managers in MNCs to fully understand the obtaining political environments and legalities concerning labor in host countries. An international HR manager needs to understand the implications of soft and hard HRM as related to domestic business and concerning foreign subsidiaries (Mathur and Gupta, 2011). In case an organization assigns great significance to its employees and places much value to their participation, then the organization is considered to be practicing soft HRM. If the HR manager has adequate understanding of the differences between the two types of HR, then he will be in a position to adopt the right HR policy with respect to each country (Dickmann, 2008). The hard approach, on the other hand, corroborates with strategic HRM, is concerned with reducing costs and is part of the top managements function (Budhwar et al., 2009). Dickmann (2008) describes soft HRM as based on resource perspective of the employees and pertains to egalitarian culture, organic organizational structure, broad particularization of jobs, pay packages as per abilities, sharing of profits, and the existence of a system of direct communication with employees. Hard HRM, on the other hand, relates to such HR policies that follow the prescribed business strategy, practices different approaches as per the categories of workers and according to stringent organizational procedures (Gluesing and Gibson, 2006). Academics, however, have been concentrating on the soft approach for some time. Each country professes characteristics that are specific to it and which have a direct impact on HR practices (Sparrow and Wu, 1997). A UK company establishing a subsidiary in Japan will find it hard to practice soft HRM in that country, as Japanese workers are accustomed to work under hard HRM practices (Barney and Wright, 1997). CONSULTANCY INTERNATIONALIZATION THEORIES The important theories are discussed below: Static theory: This theory comprises such concepts as theory of growth, internationalization theory, and elite system. According to Sparrow (2009), there is no empirical evidence whether these theories are applicable to SMEs since these have been evolved in the context of MNCs. Stage theory: This theory prescribes implementation of the process of internationalization by stages (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). Several models are available concerning this theory, such as the Uppasla model, network model, and the model related to innovation. The Uppasla model advocates gradual implementation of internationalization over a time with emphasis on step by step learning and understanding of foreign markets (Griffin et al., 2010). According to Collings (2012), the network approach pertains to the impact of the organizations level of internationalization and the extent of internationalization of the target markets. The innovation related model, as per Dowling et al. (2008), states that innovations in management systems determine the successive stage in the internationalization process. International new venture theory: According to Sparrow (2009), this theory deals with organizations that have internationalized from the very beginning or immediately after the start. The consultancy sector differs from other sectors in that it submits to easy pliability and speedy developments as per the demands of the market wherein both small and big organizations exist (FEACO, 2004). The demand for consultancy services has been developing quite fast resulting in their operations reaching across borders. Organizations rendering consultancy services go international due to several reasons. According to Brett and Kern (2006), the main reasons are location of clients, exploring new markets, or the market being a developing one. There are several approaches that can be deployed while internationalizing, such as export, foreign direct investment (FDI), or entering into cross-border collaboration. As per Graubner and Richter (2003), though export is an important component of internationalization, yet organizations are increasingly adopting the route of FDI. Cross-border collaboration is a preferable mode in case of SMEs since they are not in a position to afford the needed resources and are vulnerable to many risk factors (Carvalho and Cabral-Cardoso, 2008). According to Stolt (2010), SMEs not only lack enough resources, but also capital, and managerial expertise. As such, they generally face many hurdles while internationalizing their operations. Such impediments are of three types: liability of foreignness, liability of newness, and the liability of smallness. Therefore, it would be necessary for them to take these liabilities into consideration while internationalizing. As per Graubner and Richter (2003), SME consultancies can also confront the problem of establishing new networks. ISSUES EXPERIENCED IN TRANSFERRING HR POLICIES AND PRACTICES ACROSS BORDERS Schuler and Jackson (2009) consider that organizations operating internationally are often urged to implement HR policies and practices uniformly in all of their global operations. Such a situation arises because of the company having been following HR practices since long in accord with the domestic parameters. It is thus necessary to take into account the domestic as well as foreign country factors while evolving IHRM strategy. There are countries whose laws are oriented to protect employees interests, while many other countries favor employer interests (Griffin et al., 2010). Muller-Camen and Brewster (2008) mention hurdles like lack of experience and understanding, cultural disparity, and inadequate resources that companies generally confront in international markets. As such, it is desirable to implement HR strategies that accord with the legal and political parameters of the host country. IHRM while specifying job profiles and task parameters to be implemented by the foreign subsidiaries, should consider the availability of suitable workers for the specific jobs (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). Domestic employees having compatible skills and experience can be deployed but it gives rise to issues related to compensation and reward systems (Stolt, 2010). According to Griffin et al. (2010), people recruited from the host country would be ignorant of the parent companys vision, mission, and objectives. FACTORS RELEVANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENT POLICY Complexity of Operations: The complexity comes into play when operations are spread over many countries and employees belong to different nationalities. These two variables play a crucial role in differentiating IHRM and domestic HRM (Schuler and Jackson, 2009). Cultural Environment: According to Pham and Hongyu, (2012), cultural ignorance can generate adverse feelings about the host country and its people and a desire to return home early. Cultural disparities can be interesting only for some time but in the long run may look shocking to the expatriate. People belonging to diverse cultures harbor varying aptitudes, differing dispositions, and dissimilar beliefs (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). Paying scant attention to these aspects often results in an organizations failure. Richter et al. (2008) advise that an organizations recruitment and related policies should accord with the host countrys culture and HR practices. Working in new cultural environs can create difficulties both for the local workers and the expatriates. Standardizing Pay and Conditions: According to Sparrow (2009), emoluments and working conditions differ from country to country and are influenced by the local market environments. Therefore, MNCs need to ascertain the intrinsic and extrinsic factors obtaining in the host country (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). A significant task before the IHRM is to evolve viable compensation and reward systems for implementation globally. While evolving an international framework of remuneration and reward, an organization should take into account two basic concerns, the first being that of comparability (Harzing and Pinnington, 2010). According to these authors, remunerations given to workers should not only be internally comparable but also should conform to market environments. The parameters that influence the fixation of remunerations and salaries comprise the accessibility to expatriates and local skilled workforce, the existing wage structure, and the host countrys regulations. Harzing and Pinnington (2011) opine that an organization should apply different parameters for evolving pay system for each country. Altomi Associates need to develop viable reward systems for their local workforce engaged in rendering services internationally and addressing the issues of standardizing pay and conditions. HR STRATEGY FOR ALTOMI ASSOCIATES An organization or its HR setup has more than one action for aligning HR strategy with the local parameters and integrating it globally. There are four main alternatives that can be thought of along with their respective costs. These are: Local Adaptation International strategy: This strategy is appropriate in cases when foreign business is not much and involves transfer of knowledge from central headquarters at insignificant costs. Multinational strategy: In this case the affiliates enjoy autonomy and their systems are oriented towards local conditions. Benefits of cross-border standardization and learning are meager and coordination expense is the lowest. Global Integration Global strategy: This strategy yields benefits on account of standardization of policies and practices, but is highly centralized, lacks responsiveness, faces hurdles due to fragmentation of markets, cultural disparities, policy implications, and entails high costs. Transnational strategy: It accrues benefits resulting from globalization, local adaptation, and simultaneous cross-border learning. However, the expense involved is the highest. In such a scenario, every organization will have to determine its own approach for global integration depending upon the prevailing environments (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). The approach could vary in case of executive personnel and skilled workers. In todays circumstances, the preferable course of action could be to dispense with local self-determination and domestic country preference (Stolt, 2010). The UK organizations that have achieved success generally followed globally integrated HR policies. Incorporating refinement and effectiveness in the global reward systems, transferring personnel every now and then from one country to another, and instituting training programs with global dimensions, enable transferring crucial expertise, result in achieving speedy transfer of skills, outcomes of innovation, systems of quality control, and cost-effective methods of manufacture (Donnelly and Dowling, 2010). Though at present, the country managers enjoy liberty concerning HR practices, yet the thinking now is to nurture global managers, integrated policies, and foster culture with global dimensions. The suggested HR strategy for Altomi Associates should comprise such a vision and guidelines as are mutually oriented, nurture broad behavior, fosters mutual trust, forges global cooperation. The decision-making process should include decision-making committees that have global perspective, are based on communication between the product, country, and field experts in the network (Carvalho and Cabral-Cardoso, 2008). Suitability of staff should be based on qualification rather than on country of origin (Budhwar et al., 2009). Human resource development should be through international networking and incorporate educational advancement, overseas placement, and flexibility in dealing with issues concerning personal maintenance. The strategy should incorporate appraisal systems and cross-border advancement opportunities that are in tune with the international systems and practices. The strategy should also have a policy that corroborates with the main organizational objectives.

Crazy Horse :: essays research papers fc

Crazy Horse When I think back of the stories that I have heard about howthe Native American Indians were driven from their land andforced to live on the reservations one particular event comes tomy mind. That event is the Battle of the Little Big Horn. It isone of the few times that the Oglala Sioux made history with thembeing the ones who left the battlefield as winners. When storiesare told, or when the media dares to tamper with history, it isusually the American Indians who are looked upon as the bad guys.They are portrayed as savages who spent their time raiding wagontrains and scalping the white settlers just for fun. The mediahas lead us to believe that the American government was forced totake the land from these savage Indians. We should put the blamewhere it belongs, on the U.S. Government who lied, cheated, andstole from the Oglala forcing Crazy Horse, the great war chief,and many other leaders to surrender their nation in order to savethe lives of their people. In the nin eteenth century the most dominant nation in thewestern plains was the Sioux Nation. This nation was divided intoseven tribes: Oglala's, Brule', Minneconjou, Hunkpapa, No Bow,Two Kettle, and the Blackfoot. Of these tribes they had differentband. The Hunkpatila was one band of the Oglala's . One of the greatest war chiefs of all times came from thisband. His name was Crazy Horse. Crazy Horse was not given this name, on his birth date inthe fall of 1841. He was born of his father, Crazy Horse anOglala holy man, and his mother a sister of a Brule' warrior,Spotted Tail. As the boy grew older his hair was wavy so his people gave him the nickname of Curly . He was togo by Curly until the summer of 1858, after a battle with theArapaho's. Curly's brave charged against the Arapaho's led hisfather to give Curly the name Crazy Horse. This was the name ofhis father and of many fathers before him . In the 1850's, the country where the Sioux Nation lived, wasbeing invaded by the white settlers. Th is was upsetting for manyof the tribes. They did not understand the ways of the whites.When the whites tore into the land with plows and hunted thesacred buffalo just for the hides this went against the moraleand religious beliefs of the Sioux. The white government began tobuild forts. In 1851, Fort Laramie was built along the NorthPlatte river in Sioux territory .

Death of a Salesman Essay

In 1949; whilst America saw the culmination of anti-communist feelings, fear of the unknown and the general hysteria which stemmed from the Cold War against Russia; playwright Arthur Miller published what was seen to be a personal criticism of the American way of life, his play, â€Å"Death of A Salesman†. Death of A Salesman tells the story of Willy Loman, a lowly salesman slowly being estranged from society and increasingly led into confusion by his attempts to escape his own failure brought about by the great American Dream he has served so loyally. It was for this play Miller was brought in front of HUAC (house un-American activities committee) and charged with undermining American Values. Miller defended himself by claiming he simply aspired to â€Å"show the truth as [he] saw it†. It is because Miller insisted on adhering to realism, that he chose a normal, â€Å"Loman†, or literally, low man, to be his Tragic Hero. In doing so, Miller broke one rule- that of Aristotelian tragedy, which demands a â€Å"noble† hero, of high birth; and simultaneously abided by another, the rule of a Modern Domestic Tragedy which requires an ordinary person’s story to be told. Whilst Milton would have deplored this â€Å"introducing of trivial and vulgar persons [into tragedy]†, Miller dismissed all criticism of his choice of hero, demanding his accusers to recognise â€Å"it matters not whether the hero falls from a great height or a small one†, or as Linda puts it, â€Å"he’s not the finest character who ever lived. But he’s a human being and a terrible thing is happening to him† the importance then, lies in the way and reason for which the character falls. Willy does, however, comply with both the moulds of an Aristotelian tragedy and Modern Domestic Tragedy in that he suffers from a Hamartia which results in his fall from grace and eventual death. Most critics and audiences identify Willy’s Hamartia as his Hubris, his over inflated sense of self-worth and pride, which means he refuses help even as he becomes increasingly lost. However, a few critics complain that Willy cannot be a tragic hero, as he does not have one fatal flaw but many which combine to bring Willy down. This idea, as expressed by Thomas Adler, Ruby Cohn and others rests on the existence of other factors in Willy’s life, Willy is not only proud, but stupid, cursed with the wrong dreams, lacking in vision and most of all weak. It is this weakness which prohibits him from escaping the â€Å"Jungle† of the American Dream, meaning he dies within it; a result of it and as a sacrifice to it, hoping that his death will reveal the â€Å"diamonds† he seeks. Willy’s actual death in Death of A Salesman is not shown on stage, but rather, it is symbolised by the â€Å"sound of a car†¦moving away at full speed† then the â€Å"crash[ing] down [of music]† which in turn morphs into â€Å"a dead march†, not explicitly showing the morbid act, but implying it heavily enough for the audience to be in no doubt of its occurrence. It is typical of a Modern Domestic Tragedy death not to occur in front of the audience. The music in this ‘death scene’ is poignant, powerful and very implicit to the plot, without it the audience would not know of Willy’s death. Music runs throughout the play as a catalyst through which Miller makes the subtler, unspoken â€Å"presences† or emotions known. Take for example the flute’s melody which serves as both a melancholy theme tune to Willy’s failings and a musical embodiment of his estranged Father’s ghost, who â€Å"made more in a week than a man like [Willy] could in a lifetime† . The flute embodies both these roles in â€Å"Requiem†. First, Willy’s failings are made clearer than ever as Linda starts to truly mourn her husband and elicit an impossible last goodbye from him. Second, flute also shows Willy’s father’s presence because we know it is from his father that Willy got the â€Å"wrong dreams† which drove him to the grave Linda sits by. It is perhaps important to consider the role of ‘ghosts’ or past figures which appear throughout the play. Ghosts and figures from the past litter tragedy throughout the centuries. Indeed, the oldest surviving complete tragedy, Aeschylus’s Persians (472 BC) features the ghost of the dead King Darius returning from the past to cast judgement over his son Xerxes, whom he deems to be failing in his role and pursuing the wrong dreams. This is not unlike the mocking presence of Willy’s own father and his brother Ben, both deceased who continue to taunt Willy with dreams he cannot achieve. Willy’s suicide is at once self-congratulating, misguided and selfless. He wants to escape the feeling he is â€Å"temporary† by truly leaving something behind, â€Å"something one can feel with the hand†. This something is his â€Å"diamond† of the $20,000 insurance money, which will make him a â€Å"hero† for Biff to â€Å"worship† and helping Biff to start up a business of his own. Requiem holds no answers as to whether the premium was paid and through this and the melancholy despair that runs through the final scene, Miller shows how pointless Willy’s death truly was. No matter how much money he leaves behind, it will never compensate for the loss the family has to endure. Linda cannot even understand his motives and Happy encapsulates the mood when he declares â€Å"There was no necessity for it†. A sad twist of irony is Biff making it clear he is moving away. Thus, he would never have used the money anyway. This shows the true uselessness of Willy’s death and also his father’s lack of understanding of his own son, who from the start is happiest in the open â€Å"playing around with horses†. However a sadder twist is Happy’s utter unwillingness to learn from his father’s mistakes, and despite declaring â€Å"Willy Loman did not die in vain† he goes on to prove the opposite, promising to â€Å"win it for him [Willy]†. The Requiem shows Willy’s final delusion shattered. There is a simple answer to Linda’s piteous, â€Å"why did nobody come? † The answer is that Willy was not, contrary to what he claims time and time again, â€Å"known†, because he has not changed with the times, and the old values he clings to do not make a man â€Å"known† or â€Å"a success† at all. Evidence of Willy’s failure to change with time can be traced back to, as Richard T. Brucher puts it, Willy’s â€Å"unexpected, marvellingly innocent question†: â€Å"How can they whip cheese? † Such a simple statement exemplifies his static approach to modern life; he wants everything to return to the â€Å"great days† and is unwilling to change anything, least of all his expectations and aspirations. Irony is another key feature of a Modern Domestic Tragedy and Linda’s last lines, her mantra of reassurance, â€Å"We’re Free†¦ We’re free† is more heavily laden with irony than any other line of the play. The lines are applicable in so many different ways, not only the upfront meaning of the family being free from debt. They also despondently relay Miller’s message that if you live following the American Dream and have consumerism as your only moral compass and religion, then the only way to free yourself is to die. A much more cynical view of Linda’s words, as proposed by D. L. Hoeveler, suggests they epitomise the family’s darker subconscious thoughts, that now Willy is gone, they no longer have to continue on the paths they were forced down. They are â€Å"free† of the burden Willy placed on them. However, the earlier events show that despite no longer being pushed down the path of the American Dream, Happy will continue to pursue it, so this interpretation too is heavily ironic. As for Linda, being â€Å"free† from the burden of Willy is certainly not what she would wish for, after all she â€Å"more than loves him† and even his â€Å"little cruelties† do not change this. She needs to look after Willy so that she has a purpose and an aim. The play ends as it began, bringing the action back to the beginning and lending a continuous rhythm to the play, with Linda’s anxious disconcerted calling to the deceased Willy, mimicking her trepidation in the opening scene when Willy enters. It is the flute which opens and closes the play. Everything reverting back to the way the play started shows how insignificant Willy’s death really is. Capitalism does not crumble, life goes on. It is here that I believe Modern Domestic Tragedies are flawed, where Shakespearian ones are not. When Macbeth dies, the audience is certain that his Kingdom will mourn his loss, however warped he was, he was still their King. There will be a â€Å"massive† funeral, of the sorts Willy dreams of, and a Kingdom-wide expression of collective grief. It is this grief that I believe provides the catharsis of emotion for the audience, they know his death will continue to be felt after they leave the theatre and this assurance brings closure. This closure however, does not exist in Modern Domestic Tragedies. Willy’s death will go unnoticed by most, and this does not bring significant catharsis to the audience. There is no final completion of raw emotion. To support my view I can only offer the words of Shakespeare himself, â€Å"The poor beetle on which we tread In corporal sufferance feels a pang as great As when a Giant dies. â€Å"

Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.

Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student. Maybe students would have better opportunities to inspire their full potentials under education specifically designed for each individual needs and interests. However, considering the inhibiting cost and the associate results, this kind of education could hardly be defined as an effective one and even too ideal to survive.Undeniably, educating students by catering their needs and interests is an efficient way to stimulate their activity of learning. It is truly effective when the teaching method can attract every student's interests and feed each person's needs. How can a student learn more things more effectively via the way he don't like? For instance, a child will more quickly get to know the toy which attracts him most and find joy from it.However, in the real life, it is impossible to design a magic education to cover everyone's needs. Since each individual in the world is unique, the needs would be totally different in education, then in order to satisfy to all, it should be co nstructed an extremely large education pattern in both vertical and horizontal levels.Education vs ExperienceOn the other hand, the resources for such ideal education are limited, especially in the developing countries. China, for instance, with 130 billion people including 56 minorities in 960,000 kilometers realm, which is the greatest population in the world, would need hundreds and thousands dollars to design more various textbooks and to construct greater different kinds of schools to suit for each student's needs, and so do the human resource. While comparing to the financial needed in such education pattern, the economical situation in China is too weak to support.Furthermore, it would be a barrier of exploding one's potential if education was subdued to individual's interests, especially to children who abound with unrealized capability waiting practical method to dig it out. For example,

Camille Pissaro essays

Camille Pissaro essays Camille Pissarro's painting style changed from one period of his career to another. Throughout his career his approach to his art stayed the same. He did his art work in a way that not only reflected what he saw but also who he was. Pissarro thought of light as "inseparable" from an object. With Pissarro's use of light it was easy to reach beyond what is seen and into emotion. Pissarro was born July 10th, 1830 on the Caribbean Island of St. Thomas. He went to a small boarding school in Paris at the age of 12. His director at this school told Pissaro to take advantage of his life in the tropics and draw what was around him. Pissarro lost interest in artists that were known as "masters", he was drawn more towards artist who did not conform to accepted styles. Pissarro strongly believed in free thoughts and speech. To Pissarro impressionism was a movement that allowed artistic freedom for artist. He was the one of the only impressionist artist to go to all the exhibitions. It was restrictive judges that influenced Pissarro and many other impressionists to form the "Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers." Though Pissarro could only sell a few of his paintings in his life times, today they go up for sale at about $4 million. Pissarro was one of the first painters to use science of color in art. The work of Camille Pissarro was a big part of influencing 19th century art, yet he is not one of the more wide known artists of his time. The painting "Red Roofs." shows some of the bare essentials of impressionism; the beautiful colors, the quick brush strokes, the wonderful nature scene. This picture can in a way take you away from wherever you are and just set you down right in the middle of the beautiful place. The bright colors of the fields in the background and the wonderful almost gray-blue sky really add a great feeling to this painting. The lines of this painting aren't what really defines the picture; i...

Global Warming Effects on Population Literature review

Global Warming Effects on Population - Literature review Example DeWeerdt gives a interesting international, almost post-colonial study of the effects of global warming. She divides her analysis into three distinct categories of areas that will impact human life the most signifincantly that are also the most vulnerable to climate change: Food, Disease and changes in sea level. It is somewhat superficially obvious that all of these things will be impacted by climate; sea levels will obviously rise as polar ice melts (DeWeerdt 2012), food production, which is obviously very climate dependent will have to shift, and disease will obviously increase with any serious shifts in population, as these often lead to unsanitary conditions.Her analysis is novel, however, in indicating the degree to which these changes will impact different parts of the world. DeWeerdt argues that development, which is usually meant in economic ways, can actually be considered a society’s degree of ability to adapt to climate changes (DeWeerdt, 2012). Places that have hi gh degrees of infrastructure, for instance, will be more able to cope with any of these changes. Firstly, they can establish things that directly mitigate the effects of climate: things like greenhouses to cope with cold weather or irrigation to cope with dryness. Secondly, they can use transportation infrastructure to cope with secondary effects of climate change as well, easily developing newly productive areas while abandoning areas that have become unproductive due to climate change. Undeveloped countries, however, will suffer more greatly: people cannot flee a newly formed desert, cannot build seawalls to hold back a rising tide, and so forth. Conceptualizing development as a society’s degree of ability to cope with climate allows one to see very clearly that the effects of climate change will disproportionately affect developing societies.Using DeWeerdt’s analysis indicates that one can actually conceptualize as climate change (including both its causes and effec ts) as a particular damaging form of pseudocolonial resource extraction. If one imagines a favorable climate as a resource, in that it provides a whole sleuth of production but can be depleted if not properly managed, then developed countries, which achieve their development largely through the highest use of fossil fuels (DeWeerdt 2012) are actually taking a valuable resource from developing countries every time they use fossil fuels. This is an especially damaging form of resource consumption because the people who get the resource depleted do not gain from the depletion, unlike mining, for instance, in which minerals can be sold. Climate can more be imagined as a river dammed outside of a country’s borders: they lose, and do not gain, while the other country gains but does not loose.

Online flower ordering system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Online flower ordering system - Essay Example Our vision is to become the leading florist in the locality. We seek to be the most sought after company amongst the local people for delivering flowers reliably. We value the satisfaction of our customers and aim at being part of their memorable moments in life. Our mission is to be a company whose delivery services the local people can reach and use easily and be satisfied with. We seek to provide a good quality, easily accessible, highly reliable, fresh flowers delivery solution to the local people. Our company has successfully been providing flower delivery services to the local area people. The people can place orders in two ways. They can choose to come directly to the shop, check the rates, personally select the flowers and make the payment in advance, provide the recipient’s address, set delivery date and time and thus place a delivery order. They can also choose the flowers and place a delivery order over the phone. The payment can be made through a credit card or by hand. In case of credit card the required details are provided to the sales representative along with the recipient’s address. In case of opting to pay by hand by a customer on phone, the representative of the shop notes down the address of the customer, and then collects the payment from the customer from his doorstep. Since, use of Internet has increased enormously in the area; therefore, it was thought of to make the delivery service of the company accessible over the Internet as well. Currently there is no other company that offers such an online facility, so our company would be the pioneer in introducing the idea in the area. This would contribute in not only increasing the number of satisfied customers but also raise the company’s revenue. Additionally, in case of any renowned event approaching and some special flowers have been arranged for the event, advertisements can be spread easily over the Internet through the customer’s email addresses. The complete setup for delivering flowers is already in place. So incorporating an online sales end would not affect the overall system structure and process. 3. Department and Structure The company runs a completely working flower delivery system. The overall organization comprises of four departments; Figure 1 Organization Structure Sal es: Handles the placement of orders and receipt of payments. Production: Handles for arranging the required flowers. In case, some particular flowers are not in stock, the department can also purchase the requested flowers. Finance: Handles the purchase and investment on flowers, the revenue acquired per day, the fuel consumption and employees pays. Delivery: Handles the delivery of flowers to relevant recipients. It deals with the personnel, their conveyance and routes issues. Every department has a manager who handles the overall working of the related department. The online system shall be introduced as part of the existing sales department. The online system would serve as an additional means of gathering customers through online placement of orders. 4. SWOT Analysis Strengths: Well defined divisions of the departmental activities. Easy incorporation to the existing setup of the organization. Weaknesses: Training of the sales staff would be required to use the web interface. Har dware and software would be required to run the website and access it. Investment would be required for website development and hosting. Opportunities: Absence of a similar online flower delivery service in the